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Different Types of Servo Motor and Its Applications

September 4, 2017 by Tarun Agarwal Leave a Comment

Types of Servo Motors

Types of Servo Motors

The Servo Motor is a commonly used motor for high technology devices in various industries like automation. This motor is a self-controlled electrical device, that switch part of a machine with high productivity and great accuracy. The o/p shaft of this motor can be stimulated to a specific angle. These motors are mainly used in different applications like home electronics, cars, toys, airplanes, etc. This article discusses what is a servo motor, working, types and its applications.

 

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How To Make Fire Fighting Robotic Vehicle, Its Application

August 11, 2017 by Tarun Agarwal Leave a Comment

Fire Fighting Robotic Vehicle

Fire Fighting Robotic Vehicle

With the growth in the field of robotics, human involvement has become very less and also automatons are being widely used for security purpose. Day by day, fire accidents have become very common. Sometimes, it may lead to the danger that makes it hard for the firemen to save human life. In these cases, a robot is designed to guard human lives, wealth, and environments from the fire accidents namely fire fighting robotic vehicle. This robot project is an advanced and very useful project for engineering students, who are fascinated to robotics. This project uses RF technology for remote operation & also 8051 microcontrollers. This robot is capable of noticing a fire if a house catches fire when they not present in the house, while somebody in the house is either sleeping. By means of this robot, people and belongings can be protected from fire accidents.

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Different Types of Temperature Sensor and Its Applications

July 4, 2017 by Tarun Agarwal 2 Comments

Different Types of Temperature Sensors - Temperature Sensor

Different Types of Temperature Sensors

The term “Temperature” is a physical parameter and it can be measured in units of degrees. It is a critical part of any method to measure precise temperature. The usual applications needful accurate temperature quantities include medical, electrical or electronic studies, biology research, materials research, etc. A Temperature Sensor is used to measure the heat energy amount that let us detect a physical variation in temperature, generating either an analog or digital output.

Types of Basic Physical Temperature Sensors

In general, there are two types of sensing methods are available, namely contact type temperature sensors and non-contact type temperature sensors.

Contact Type Temperature Sensor

The contact type temperature sensor is in physical contact with the substance or object. These sensors are used to measure the temperature of solids, liquids or gases.

Non-contact Type Temperature Sensor

Non-contact type temperature sensors are used to detect temperature by interrupting a part of the emitted IR energy of the substance and detecting its intensity. These sensors can be used to measure only the temperature of solids and liquids. It is not potential to use them on gases due to their transparent nature.

Types of Temperature Sensors

The different types of temperature sensors available in the market can vary from simple ON/OFF thermostatic devices to highly sensitive semiconductor devices. The two basic types of physical temperature sensors like contact and non-contact are further categorized into a voltage, resistive, and electromechanical sensors. The most commonly used temperature sensors are classified into three types such as Thermistors, thermocouples, and resistance temperature detectors.These sensors vary from each other in terms of working parameters. For modest temperature series applications, solid state sensors are also accessible which give the advantage of simple interface and incorporated signal conditioning.

Different Types of Temperature Sensors

Different Types of Temperature Sensors

Thermistor

The thermistor is a temperature sensing device that changes the physical resistance with the temperature. Generally, these devices are made from ceramic material semiconductor like cobalt, manganese. It is shaped into small pressed hermetically closed discs that give a comparatively fast response to any temperature variations.

Thermistor

Thermistor

NTC Type Thermistor (Epcos)

Due to the properties of a semiconductor material, these devices have an NTC (negative temperature coefficient), i.e. the resistance falls with the rise in temperature. But, there are also Thermistors available with PTC (positive temperature coefficient), their resistance rises with the rise in temperature.

Application of a Thermistor

The thermistor is rated by their resistance value at room temperature, the time constant, and power rating. The thermistor is a passive resistive device, that requires current to generate an o/p voltage. Generally, they are connected in series with an appropriate biasing resistor to form a potential divider network.

Application of a Thermistor

Application of a Thermistor

Consider a thermistor with a value of resistance 2.5KΩ at 30°C of and 30Ω at 60°C. Here, the thermistor is connected in series with a 1kΩ resistor across a 5V power supply.

Here, the output voltage of this Thermistor can be calculated as

At 30°C, RNTC = 2500Ω;

Vout=1000/ (2500+1000)*5= 1.42V

At 60°C, RNTC = 30Ω;

Vout=1000/(30+1000)*5 = 4.85V

By substituting the specific resistor value with a potentiometer, we can get an o/p voltage at a prearranged temperature.

Though, it is significant to note that typical resistance values are dissimilar at room temperature for different types of thermistors since they are non-linear. Thermistor has an exponential transform with temperature; so it has a temperature constant (Beta) that is used to analyze its resistance for a given temperature. Though in a voltage divider network, the current which is obtained from the applied voltage is linear with temperature, therefore the o/p voltage across the resistor & temperature are linearly related.

Advantages of Thermistors

The advantages of Thermistors include the following.

  • The speed of response is better to changes in accuracy, temperature, and repeatability.
  • Compared to RTDs, it is inexpensive
  • The range of higher resistance ranges from 2,000 to 10,000 ohms
  • Sensitivity is Much higher, i.e., ~200 Ω/°C within a partial temperature range of up to 300 °C

Resistive Temperature Detectors

The term RTD stands for “Resistive Temperature Detector” is an electrical resistance temperature sensor that is made of coils of metals or films like platinum whose electrical resistance is a role of temperature.

RTD- Resistance Temperature Detector

RTD- Resistance Temperature Detector

Resistive Temperature Detectors have PTC (positive temperature coefficients) and not like Thermistors, they offer precise temperature measurements since they have linear output. But, they have poor sensitivity generating a small o/p change, for instance, 1Ω/°C for a temperature change. Pt100 has been the most frequently available sensor with a typical resistance value of 100Ω at 0°C. The main drawback is its high cost.

How to Use Resistive Temperature Detectors?

Resistive temperature detectors are passive resistor devices such as Thermistors and the flow of current through the sensor to get an o/p voltage is linearly connected to the temperature. But, an error can happen in the reading due to the variation in resistance caused by the self-heating of the flow of current through the resistive wires. To overcome this difficulty, a resistive temperature detector is connected to a resistive bridge n/w with additional connecting wires for lead compensation and/or adding of a constant current source.

Advantages of RTDs

The advantages of resistive temperature detectors include the following.

  • The temperature range ranges from -200 to 650°C
  • It offers a high o/p for a current drop
  • RTDs are more linear compared to Thermistors and thermocouples.

Thermocouples

Thermocouples are the most commonly used temperature sensors due to some features like a wide temperature range from below -200°C to over 2000°C, accurate, and are relatively low-cost.

Thermocouples

Thermocouples

Construction and Working

The construction of a Thermocouple can be done with two different metals that are soldered together producing a slight potential difference (mV) as a function of temperature. One junction is kept at a constant temperature named the reference junction, while the other is the measuring junction. With the temperature difference between the two junctions, a voltage is established across the junction which is used to measure the temperature. The Seebeck effect can be defined as the voltage difference between the two junctions.

Construction and Working of Thermocouples

Construction and Working of Thermocouples

If both junctions are at the similar temperature, the potential difference through the junctions is zero, i.e. V1 = V2. However, when the junctions are at dissimilar temperatures connected in a circuit, the o/p voltage is comparable to the temperature difference between the two junctions, i.e. V1 – V2.

Types of Thermocouples

Thermocouples are existing in different materials and temperature ranges; therefore there are different kinds of thermocouples available for precise applications as set by international standards such as E, J, K, N, T, and U. Where, type J &K are the most frequently used thermocouples.

Advantages of Thermocouple

  • Temperature ranges are high
  • Rough, withstand shock and vibration
  • Offers instant response to temperature changes

How to Use a Thermocouple?

Thermocouple gives a few millivolts output voltage for a temperature change of 10°C. So, it is mandatory to increase the output voltage.

How to Use a Thermocouple

How to Use a Thermocouple

It is essential to carefully choose an amplifier to get good drift stability for stopping recalibration of the thermocouple. This makes an Op-Amp (operational amplifier) desirable for most applications.

Thus, this is all about different types of temperature sensors.We hope that you have got a better understanding of this concept.Furthermore, any doubts regarding this concept or to implement any temperature sensor based projects please comment in the comment section below.

 

TRIAC Circuit Construction, Working Principle and Applications

May 19, 2017 by Tarun Agarwal 2 Comments

TRIAC

TRIAC

The TRIAC is the three terminal semiconductor device and used for controlling the current. From the name of the TRIAC, the word Triode is for alternating current and it is effectively developed with the help of the SCR or Thyristor. But the Thyristors are able to conduct the device in one direction and the TRIAC is bidirectional. The Triode For Alternating Currents are able to switch high voltage and high level of current and on both the parts of AC waveforms. This device is used widely in AC power control applications.

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Arduino Board Technology Architecture and Its Applications

April 20, 2017 by Tarun Agarwal Leave a Comment

An Arduino Board

An Arduino Board

The first Arduino board technology was developed by the David Cuartiellers and Massimo Banzi in the year of 2005. This board is a type of Microcontroller based kit and it is designed with low cost & easy to use for the students and professionals to build the device. We can make an Arduino board by using various basic components or it can be purchased from the sellers. Adafruit industries projected in the year 2011 that over 3lakhs Arduino boards had been produced, but in 2013 the year, Arduino boards are 7lakhs in the user’s hand. This technology is used in the operating devices like communication or controlling.

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Working Of DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency) Technology and Its Applications

March 17, 2017 by Tarun Agarwal 2 Comments

DTMF is a type of a signaling system, used to send the information through the phone lines. The dual tone multi-frequency is the signal of a phone company, it generates when you press an ordinary telephone touch keys. In the united states or in other places, it is known as a touch tone phone dialing. Mostly this technology is used in the mobile phones with the right techniques and decoded DTMF signal is used in the robotic microcontrollers to increase the robot performance to a certain action. The usage of DTMF technology in applications is a not new technology, but the purpose of this paper is to address a new approach to this. In this article, we will learn about the working and applications of the DTMF.

What is a DTMF?

The DTMF is a signaling system for recognizing the keys or on the dialed number of a push button or simply we can say it as a DTMF keypad. It is a combination of two sine wave tones to constitute a key. The tones are called as a rows & Colum frequencies and they are represented on the DTMF keypad. DTMF switches ON the long distance signaling to the dialed number through the voice frequency.

DTMF

DTMF

In the dual tone multi-frequency, if we press any key on your phone, then it generates two tones of specific frequencies, the first specific frequency is a high frequency of tone and the second one is a low frequency of the tone. The following table shows the signals that you send when you press your touch tone phone keys.

Digital

Low Frequency (Hz)

High Frequency (Hz)

1

697

1209

2

697

1336

3 697

1477

4

770

1209

5

770 1336
6 770

1477

7

852 1209
8 852

1336

9

852 1477
0 941

1336

*

941 1209
# 941

1447

DTMF Working Principle

The dual tone multi-frequency uses eight frequency signals which are transmitted in a pair to produce the sixteen numbers with the symbols & letters. The following table shows the eight numbers, symbols and the letters from A-D. Let us consider that, if we press any key it will produce the highest & a low tone for each of two frequencies. By using the HT9170B IC, digital counting technique these two tones are decoded to determine the key which should be pressed.

1209 Hz

1336 Hz 1477Hz 1633Hz
697Hz 1 2 3

A

770Hz

4 5 6 B
852Hz

7

8

9

C

941Hz

*

0

#

D

In the phone, the tone is filtered with the help of the operational amplifier. If the output is high voltage then the pin 10 enables output of D0, D1, D2, & D3 which are decoded the outputs of IC. The DV pin 15 is an output pin which is set at high by using the IC after all the pins from D0-3 are filled and the action will show the data is valid and useful. To check the tone of authentication we should use the RT/GT and EST monitor. If the tone is very long the steering control of these pins will automatically fill the latches of D0-3 pins. After this, it will set DV pin on high to indicate the output is ready to use by the microcontroller.

DTMF Working Principle

DTMF Working Principle

By this process, the DTMF decoder can decode the 16 different types of key tones in the form of 4-bit binary decode output. The following table shows that four-bit binary decoder for each key tone and number.

Digit

OE D0 D1 D2 D3

1

H

1

0

0

0

2

H 0 1 0

0

3

H 1 1 0

0

4

H 0 0 1 0

5

H 1 0 1 0
6 H 0 1 1

0

7 H 1 1 1

0

8

H 0 0 0 1
9 H 1 0 0

1

0 H 0 1 0

1

Applications of DTMF

  • The DTMF tones are mainly used at the telephone switching centers, to detect the dialed numbers
  • These are used in the terrestrial stations to switch on and switch off the remote transmitters
  • DTMF is also used in the call centers, IVR systems, and security systems
  • This system can be used in the industrial applications

Advantages of DTMF

  • A fast response will achieve
  • With low price, the DTMF can be designed
  • It can control the electrical devices wirelessly
  • The consumption of power is less
  • The construction of DTMT is very easy

In this article, we have discussed working with DTMF technology and its application. I hope by reading this article you have gained some basic knowledge & information about the DTMF technology. If you have any queries about this article or about the electronic and communication projects for engineering students, please feel free to comment in the below section. Here is the question for you, what are the functions of the dual tone multi-frequency?

Different Types of Raspberry Pi Boards Models and Its Uses

March 9, 2017 by Tarun Agarwal Leave a Comment

Different Types of Raspberry Pi Boards Models

Different Types of Raspberry Pi Boards Models

The foundation of Raspberry Pi is an educational charity located in the UK. The main intention of this foundation is to develop the education system for children and adults, especially in the field of computer science related subjects. The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card sized and low-cost device. It plugs into a TV or computer monitor and uses a mouse and keyboard. This device allows all the students and aged people to learn how to write a program in a language like Python and Scratch. This Raspberry Pi is mainly used for browsing the internet, playing HD video, word pressing, playing games and to make spreadsheets. The applications of Raspberry Pi mainly involve in digital projects, music machines, weather stations, IR cameras and raspberry pi projects.

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Tutorial About LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) And Its Applications

February 28, 2017 by Tarun Agarwal Leave a Comment

Generally, the LDR is a photocell and it works on the principle of photoconductivity. A resistor is a passive component whose resistance is decreased when the intensity of light decreases. In the light varying sensor circuit, the optoelectronic devices are used mostly. The LDR is a device which is made up of high resistance semiconductor material. Some of the applications of  LDR are street lights, clock radios, light alarm, reflective smoke alarm, outdoor clocks, and camera light meters. In this article, we will discuss the working & construction of light dependent resistor.

What is a Light Dependent Resistor?

The light dependent resistor (LDR) is designed with the highest resistance semiconductor metal. If the light falls on the device, then the photons produce the electron energy and it makes them bound into the conductive band. Hence it conducts electricity. The LDR circuit is also known as photo resistors. Here we will see the symbol of the LDR.

Light Dependent Resistor - LDR

Light Dependent Resistor

Working of Light Dependent Resistor

Here we are discussing the most common & simple working principle of the LDR. The working principle of the LDR is based on the photoconductivity and it is an optical phenomenon. The material conductivity is increased when the light is riveted by the material. If the light falls (photons) on the device, the electrons which are in the valence band of the semiconductor material are moved to the conduction band. These photons in the occurrence, the light will have the energy greater than the bandgap of the semiconductor material to move the electrons to valence band to the conduction band.

Working of Light Dependent Resistor

Working of Light Dependent Resistor

Therefore, therefore the light will strike the sufficient energy on the device and there is more electrons are eager to the conduct, therefore, the result will be in a large number of charge carriers. Hence the result of this process, when the circuit is closed more current is flowing through the device and the resistance of the device is decreased.

Construction of LDR

The construction of the light dependent resistor consists of light sensitive material which is deposited on an insulating substrate like a ceramic. To get the desired resistance & power rating the metal is deposited in the pattern of zigzag. This zigzag pattern separates the metal deposited areas into two regions and on both sides of the pattern the Ohmic contact is prepared.

Construction of LDR

Construction of LDR

The resistance of the contacts is very less to make sure that the resistance, mainly changes due to result of light. Generally to construct the light dependent resistance materials are used like cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, indium antimonide and cadmium sulphonide. The utilization of lead and cadmium are neglected because they are very destructive to the environment.

Circuit Diagram of Light Dependent Resistor

The light dependent circuit is an electronic circuit and the components required to build the circuit are LDR, relay, Darlington pair, diode and resistor. The voltage supply is set for the load and the necessary DC voltage of the LDR circuit is from the battery or a bridge rectifier circuit. The step down transformer is used in the bridge rectifier circuit and it transforms the voltage from the 230V to 12V.

In this circuit the diodes connected with the bridge form and it is used to alter the AC voltage into DC. To change 12V DC to 6V DC the voltage regulator is used and to the entire circuit the 6v DC is supplied. From the two bridge rectifiers 230V is supplied and the load is kept continuously in constant operation of the light sensor circuit.

Circuit Diagram of Light Dependent Resistor

Circuit Diagram of Light Dependent Resistor

The light sensor has low resistance in the morning time of 100ohms. Therefore the power supply passes through the LDR & ground through the variable resistor. Due to this, the resistance exists by the light dependent resistor in the daytime or when the light fall on the LDR, therefore it is comparatively very less to the resistance of the remaining parts of the circuit. As we know the principle of current, that the flow of current always flow in the path of low resistance.

Thus, the relay coil will not get enough supply to get strengthen. Hence the light is switched OFF in the day time. In the same process in the night time the resistance of the LDR increases to 200Mohms. Therefore, due to the high resistance of the resistor, the current flow is low or almost zero. In the low resistance the flow of current increases with the base voltage of Darlington pair to get more than 1.4V. Therefore the Darlington pair transistor is triggered with the relay coil obtain sufficient supply to get energized. Hence the light glows in the night times.

Characteristics of LDR

The LDR’s are light dependent devices and the resistance is decreased when the light falls on the light dependent circuit. If the LDR is in the dark room, its resistance is very high and it is called as a dark resistance. The light dependent resistance is high as 1012 ohms and if the device is permitted to absorb light its resistance will be decreased completely and if a constant voltage is applied to it. The intensity of light is increased, the current will increase. The following graph represent between the resistance and illumination curve for a LDR.

Applications of Light Dependent Resistor

  • The price of the LDR is very less and it is very simple in structure
  • In the light sensor the resistors are used frequently
  • These resistors are used to sense the presence & absence of light like alarm circuits, alarm clock, light intensity meters and etc.

Advantages of LDR

  • The price of the  LDR is less and there are different sizes & shapes which are available in the market
  • In the practical LDR there are different sizes are available and the most popular size is 100mm phase diameter
  • For the operation of LDR it requires less power and voltage

Disadvantages of LDR

Extremely they are inexact with the reaction of time about tens, hundreds of milliseconds.

In this article we have discussed about tutorial on light dependent resistor and its applications. I hope by reading this article you have gained some basic information on the LDR working. If you have any queries about this article or about the electrical projects for engineering students, please feel free to comment in the below section. Here is the question for you, what are the functions of the light dependent resistor?

Different Types of Comparators and its Applications

February 13, 2017 by Tarun Agarwal Leave a Comment

Types of Comparators

Comparator

The comparator plays an important role in the electronic circuit design. Types of comparators are categorized into several kinds, namely electronic, electrical, optical, mechanical, sigma, pneumatic and digital comparators. Comparators play a vital role in making electrical and electronic projects. In electronic circuit design, an operational amplifier is used with negative feedback and it can also be used as a comparator. The designing of the comparator can be done without feedback for open loop formation. These are used widely in analog to digital converters. When the input signal is sampled, then the signal is applied to numerous comparators to change the digital form from the analog form. The comparator applications involve in zero crossing detectors, BLDC operating motors, switching power regulators and also in peak detectors. This article gives an overview of different types of comparators and its applications.

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Different Types of Breakdown Diodes and their Applications

December 24, 2016 by Tarun Agarwal 2 Comments

Breakdown Diodes

Breakdown Diodes

The breakdown diode is an electrical component which will have the two electrodes. The two electrodes are anode and cathode. Most of the diodes are made up of semiconductor materials like silicon and germanium etc.The basic property of the diode is to conduct the electrical current in only in one direction and block the current which is in the opposite direction. If the cathode is negatively charged which is related to the anode next to a voltage is greater than the minimum is called as the forward breaker and the current flows in the diode. If the cathode is positive with respect to the anode, it is negative by an amount less than the forward break over voltage, hence the voltage does not conduct the current. The switch and diode characteristics are similar to each other and the earlier semiconductor device was the crystal detector and used in the wireless radio.

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